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Cyprus is a Eurasian island country in
the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west
of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in
the Mediterranean Sea.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around
the 10th millennium BCE. Archaeological remains from this period include the
well-preserved Neolithic village of Chirokitia, which has been declared
a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, along with the Tombs of the Kings.
Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world, and is the site of
the earliest known example of feline domestication. At a strategic
location in the Middle East, Cyprus has been occupied by several major
powers, including the empires of
the Hittites, Assyrians, Egyptians, Persians, Rashidun and&n
bsp;Umayyad Arab caliphates, Lusignans, Venetians, and Ottomans. Settled
by Mycenean Greeks in the 2nd millennium BCE, the island also experienced long
periods of Greek rule under the Ptolemaic Egyptians and the Byzantines. In 333
BCE, Alexander the Great conquered the island from the Persians.
The Ottoman Empire conquered the island in 1571 and it remained under Ottoman
control for over three centuries. It was placed under British administration in
1878 until it was granted independence in 1960, becoming a member of
the Commonwealth the following year.
In 1974, following 11 years of intercommunal
violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, an
attempted coup d`état by Greek Cypriot nationalists and
elements of the Greek military junta with the aim of
achieving enosis (union of the island with Greece) took place. Turkey used
this as a pretext to invade the northern portion of the island. Turkish forces
remained after a cease-fire, resulting in the partition of the island; an
objective of Turkey since 1955. The intercommunal violence and
subsequent Turkish invasion led to the displacement of hundreds of
thousands of Cypriots and the establishment of a separate Turkish Cypriot political
entity in the north. These events and the resulting political situation are matters
of ongoing dispute.
The
Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus and
its surrounding waters, except for the British military bases of Akrotiri and
Dhekelia. The Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts;
the area under the effective control of the Republic of Cyprus, comprising about 59% of
the island`s area, and the Turkish-controlled area in the north, calling itself
the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and recognized only by Turkey,
covering about 36% of the island`s area.
Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean
Sea and one of its most popular tourist
destinations. An advanced, high-income economy with a very
high Human Development Index, the Republic of Cyprus was a founding member of
the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May
2004.